吕叔湘《语文常谈》：三位一体的字

　　“字”这个字在古时候，除了别的意义之外，用在语文方面，主要指文字的形体。例如许慎的《说文解字》这部书的主要着眼点就是字形构造。可是到了刘勰说“夫人之立言，因字而生句”的时候，就显然是用来指语言单位，以音义为主了。写在纸上的字，有形、音、义三个方面，说话里边的字就只有音和义，形是看不见的，虽然在读书人的脑子里有时候也会闪出一个字的形状。我们平常说到“字”字，有时候指它的这一方面，有时候指它的那一方面。比如说“一横一竖、一横一竖、一横一竖，一竖一横、一竖一横、一竖一横，打一个字”，指的是字的形状（亞）。又比如说“‘亮’字比‘明’字响亮”，指的是这两个字的声音。要是说 “谅他也不敢说一个‘不’字”，那就指的是一定的音和一定的义结合在一起的字，一个语言单位。平常说话，这样时而指这，时而指那，也没有什么不方便。可是要讲语文问题，就需要分别定个名称。专门指形体的时候，最好管它叫“汉字”。专门指声音的时候，最好管它叫“音节”。专门指音义结合体的时候，最好管它叫 “语素”。
"Character" of the word in ancient times, among other implications, the use of language, the text refers to the main body.For example XuShen's "version" is the main focus of this book font structure.But Mr Xie said that the "wife 之 Words, words and phrases Health", it is obvious that the language is used to refer to unitsmainly with the sound and meaning.The words written on a piece of paper, visible, and it just three, the characters speak only Xeno justice inside, invisible form.Although sometimes in the minds of people reading a shining character shapes.We normally talk about "character", sometimes referred to this aspect, the one that sometimes refers to it.For example, "Dilemma and Triumph of a Dilemma and Triumph of a Dilemma and Triumph, Dilemma and Triumph of a horizontal, Dilemma and Triumph of a horizontal, Dilemma and Triumph of a horizontal and play a character."The word refers to the shape (ADB).For example, again, " 'bright' than the word 'tomorrow' word loud," referring to the word's voice.If the "understanding he would not dare to say a 'no' word."it refers to the obligation of a certain combination of the auditory word, a language unit.Unusual words, this means that sometimes, and sometimes refer to it, nor did any inconvenience.But to say the language problem, it is necessary to set the name.Specially refers to physical, the best Guantajiao "Chinese characters."Specifically refer to the voices, the best Guantajiao "syllable."Specially refers to the combination of sound and meaning, the best Guantajiao "morpheme."

　　汉字、音节、语素形成三位一体的“字”。当然这只适用于汉语。要是另一种语言，情形就不同了。它的另一个语素可能是一个音节，也可能不到一个音节，也可能不止一个音节。别的语言当然不用汉字，日本还部分地用汉字，可是往往念成两个音节。其实啊，汉字、音节、语素三合一这句话，也只能说是汉语的基本情况是这样，有好几种例外情形。（1）有些语素不止一个音节，写出来当然也不止一个汉字。例如 “蟋蟀、葡萄、马达、巧克力”。后三个是外来语。（2）一个音节包含两个语素，写成两个汉字。主要是“儿化词”，例如“花儿”。（这是普通话的情形，有些方言里“儿”字另成音节）。此外，北京人说“我们、你们、他们、什么、怎么、这么、那么”，说快了第二个字就只剩一个－m，粘在第一个字后头，也就只有一个音节了。（3）一个音节，一个汉字，可是包含两个语素。例如“俩”（＝两个），“仨”（＝三个），“咱”（zán=咱们），“您”（＝你+n[+变调]）。（4）一个汉字代表两个语素，念成两个音节。例如“瓩”（千瓦），“浬”（海里），“哩”（英里）。
Chinese, Europeans, Morpheme form a three-dimensional "character."Of course, this is applicable to Chinese.If another language, the situation is different.It may be a syllable another morpheme, possibly less than one syllable, there might have been more than one syllable.Of course, other languages do not have Chinese characters, Japan is also part of Chinese characters used, but often read into two syllables.In fact, ah, Chinese, Europeans, Morpheme triple this, we can only say this is the basic situation of the Chinese language.There are several exceptions.(1) Some Morpheme more than one syllable, of course, more than one write Chinese characters.For example, "Cricket, grapes, motors, chocolate."After three foreign language.(2) consists of two one syllable morpheme, written two Chinese characters.Is "abuse of words," such as "flowers."(Putonghua is the case, some dialect word "er" into another syllable).In addition, Beijing said "we, you, they are, what, how, and so," said a second faster m only one word.glued to the first word to come, it was only the one syllable.(3) a syllable, a Chinese, but includes two morpheme.For example, the "wife" (= 2), "Sa" (= 3), "Our" (n = z Mr. our)"You" (= changing your +n[+]).(4) A representative of two Chinese characters Morpheme read into two syllables.For example, (kwh), "miles" (miles), "mileage" (miles).

　　正因为说汉语的人习惯于音节有意义，汉字有意义，因而音译外来语总是不太喜欢，有机会就用意译词来代替。清末民初的翻译小说里，多的是“密司脱、德律风、司的克”之类的字眼，后来都被淘汰了。由于同样的理由，在一定的组合里，音译专名的头一个字可以代表全体。例如“马列主义”、“普法战争”；甚至一个“阿”字在不同场合可以代表“阿尔巴尼亚”、“阿尔及利亚”、“阿富汗”或者“阿根廷”。
As the Chinese people are accustomed syllable meaningful characters, meaningful and therefore is not always sounds like foreign language.have the opportunity to replace words with English translation.Destroyed the translation, the number of "secret from the Secretary, lawyer winds Istik" such terms, but have been eliminated.The same reason, in certain combinations, a transliteration of the first professionals who can represent all the characters.For example, "Marxism-Leninism" and "Prussian War"; Even an "Arab" characters on different occasions on behalf of "Albanian""Algeria", "Afghanistan" or "Argentina."